Departmental Advisors
Undergraduate Studies Office
Audrey Pozernick, 801-581-3241
GC Rm 3345
Graduate Studies Office
Kari Porter, 801-581-8608
GC Rm 3345
Departmental Notes
Public Administration courses are now listed under the subject code of PADMN.
For course descriptions and pre-requisite information click on the subject column next to the appropriate catalog number.
Attention: Classroom assignments may change between the time you
register and when classes begin. Please check your class schedule for the latest classroom location
information before attending class.
POLS 110 - 001 US National Govt
POLS 110 - 001 US National Govt
- Class Number: 13464
- Instructor: PACK, TYLER
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 0.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $505.00
- Seats Available: 1
POLS 210 - 090 Intro Intntl Relation
This is an online course, which does not have a specific meeting time or location throughout the semester. For additional information, please visit https://online.utah.edu/about-online-learning/
POLS 210 - 090 Intro Intntl Relation
- Class Number: 13465
- Instructor: CHUNG, EUNBIN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: Online
- Units: 0.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $505.00
- Seats Available: 2
This is an online course, which does not have a specific meeting time or location throughout the semester. For additional information, please visit https://online.utah.edu/about-online-learning/
POLS 220 - 001 Intr Comparatv Politics
POLS 322 - 070 Juris of Criminal Law
This class meets at the Sandy Campus at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
POLS 322 - 070 Juris of Criminal Law
- Class Number: 13405
- Instructor: WILSON, MORGAN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 0.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $505.00
- Seats Available: 1
This class meets at the Sandy Campus at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
POLS 339 - 070 Intro Enviro/Sustain
This class meets at the Sandy Campus at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
POLS 339 - 070 Intro Enviro/Sustain
- Class Number: 14759
- Instructor: STOTT, JERRY
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 0.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $505.00
- Seats Available: 2
This class meets at the Sandy Campus at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
POLS 341 - 070 European Politics
This class meets at the Sandy Campus at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
POLS 341 - 070 European Politics
- Class Number: 10601
- Instructor: ERNSTSEN, JORDAN
- Component: Discussion
- Type: In Person
- Units: 0.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $505.00
- Seats Available: 2
This class meets at the Sandy Campus at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
POLS 1100 - 001 US National Govt
The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 1100 - 001 US National Govt
- Class Number: 11599
- Instructor: PACK, TYLER
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $76.47
- Seats Available: 221
The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 1100 - 005 US National Govt
This class begins the 3 days prior to spring semester in person Thursday-Saturday, Jan 2-4 from 8 a.m.-5p.m. Additionally, this class will meet in person Friday and Saturday Jan 10 and 11 from 8 a.m.-5 p.m. with a lunch break daily. This class will meet via CANVAS on Feb 3 from 6-8 p.m. In addition to scheduled class time, students will also be required to complete additional online lectures, assignments, and exams. Reading and/or assignments may be due prior to first day of class. Please check with instructor or refer to the class syllabus in Canvas. To determine the last day to drop this miscellaneous course, see http://registrar.utah.edu/handbook/miscellaneous.php
POLS 1100 - 005 US National Govt
- Class Number: 11917
- Instructor: STOTT, JERRY
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $56.35
- Seats Available: 40
This class begins the 3 days prior to spring semester in person Thursday-Saturday, Jan 2-4 from 8 a.m.-5p.m. Additionally, this class will meet in person Friday and Saturday Jan 10 and 11 from 8 a.m.-5 p.m. with a lunch break daily. This class will meet via CANVAS on Feb 3 from 6-8 p.m. In addition to scheduled class time, students will also be required to complete additional online lectures, assignments, and exams. Reading and/or assignments may be due prior to first day of class. Please check with instructor or refer to the class syllabus in Canvas. To determine the last day to drop this miscellaneous course, see http://registrar.utah.edu/handbook/miscellaneous.php
POLS 1100 - 090 US National Govt
This is an online course, which does not have a specific meeting time or location throughout the semester. For additional information, please visit https://online.utah.edu/about-online-learning/ . The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 1100 - 090 US National Govt
- Class Number: 3029
- Instructor: NELSON, STEVE
- Component: Lecture
- Type: Online
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $39.41
- Seats Available: 378
This is an online course, which does not have a specific meeting time or location throughout the semester. For additional information, please visit https://online.utah.edu/about-online-learning/ . The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 2100 - 090 Intro Intntl Relation
This is an online course, which does not have a specific meeting time or location throughout the semester. For additional information, please visit https://online.utah.edu/about-online-learning/ . The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 2100 - 090 Intro Intntl Relation
- Class Number: 9090
- Instructor: CHUNG, EUNBIN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: Online
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $39.47
- Seats Available: 117
This is an online course, which does not have a specific meeting time or location throughout the semester. For additional information, please visit https://online.utah.edu/about-online-learning/ . The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 2200 - 001 Intr Comparatv Politics
The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 2200 - 001 Intr Comparatv Politics
- Class Number: 9680
- Instructor: YAVUZ, M
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $50.85
- Seats Available: 116
The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 2300 - 001 Intro Political Theory
Humanities Exploration
POLS 2300 - 001 Intro Political Theory
- Class Number: 5416
- Instructor: STRACK, FRANZISKA
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 98
Humanities Exploration
POLS 3001 - 001 Political Analysis
POLS 3001 - 001 Political Analysis
- Class Number: 18712
- Instructor: DE MICHELI, DAVID
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $50.00
- Seats Available: 44
POLS 3001 - 090 Political Analysis
This is an online course, which does not have a specific meeting time or location throughout the semester. For additional information, please visit https://online.utah.edu/about-online-learning/. Quan Reason (Stat/Logic) & Quantitative Intensive BS
POLS 3001 - 090 Political Analysis
- Class Number: 3030
- Instructor: HOLZNER, CLAUDIO
- Component: Lecture
- Type: Online
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $50.00
- Seats Available: 66
This is an online course, which does not have a specific meeting time or location throughout the semester. For additional information, please visit https://online.utah.edu/about-online-learning/. Quan Reason (Stat/Logic) & Quantitative Intensive BS
POLS 3025 - 001 Democracy Justice
POLS 3025 - 001 Democracy Justice
- Class Number: 14617
- Instructor: JOHNSTON, STEVEN J
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 44
POLS 3030 - 070 State/Local Gov
This class meets at the Sandy Center at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
POLS 3030 - 070 State/Local Gov
- Class Number: 19081
- Instructor: SPENCER, OLIVIA
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $45.65
- Seats Available: 28
This class meets at the Sandy Center at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
POLS 3120 - 001 Political Parties
POLS 3120 - 001 Political Parties
- Class Number: 19185
- Instructor: WOOD, NORA
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 59
POLS 3220 - 001 Juris of Criminal Law
This is a Hybrid course, which uses a mixture of online, face-to-face, and technology enhanced instruction. This class will meet on the following Thursdays from 6 - 9 pm : 01/09, 01/16, 01/30, 02/13, 02/27, 03/06, 03/20, 04/03, 04/17, 04/24
POLS 3220 - 001 Juris of Criminal Law
- Class Number: 9678
- Instructor: NELSON, STEVE
- Component: Lecture
- Type: Hybrid
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 118
This is a Hybrid course, which uses a mixture of online, face-to-face, and technology enhanced instruction. This class will meet on the following Thursdays from 6 - 9 pm : 01/09, 01/16, 01/30, 02/13, 02/27, 03/06, 03/20, 04/03, 04/17, 04/24
This class meets at the Sandy Center at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu/ .
- Class Number: 13404
- Instructor: WILSON, MORGAN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $40.00
- Seats Available: 31
This class meets at the Sandy Center at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu/ .
This class meets at the Sandy Center at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
- Class Number: 14096
- Instructor: STOTT, JERRY
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 26
This class meets at the Sandy Center at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu
POLS 3410 - 070 European Politics
This class meets at the Sandy Center at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu/ . The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 3410 - 070 European Politics
- Class Number: 10602
- Instructor: ERNSTSEN, JORDAN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $24.86
- Seats Available: 32
This class meets at the Sandy Center at 10011 Centennial Parkway, Suite 100, Sandy. For directions call 801.587.2520 or visit https://sandy.utah.edu/ . The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 3550 - 001 Pol. of Latin America
POLS 3550 - 001 Pol. of Latin America
- Class Number: 18704
- Instructor: DE MICHELI, DAVID
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 39
POLS 3910 - 001 Political Forum Series
Meeting times are flexible. Please contact the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 581-8501, for days and times. The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 3910 - 001 Political Forum Series
- Class Number: 4538
- Instructor: COCKRELL, NICK A
- Component: Activity
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 28
Meeting times are flexible. Please contact the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 581-8501, for days and times. The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 3960 - 090 Politics of Russia
POLS 3960 - 090 Politics of Russia
- Class Number: 14614
- Instructor: PACK, TYLER
- Component: Special Topics
- Type: Online
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 39
POLS 4801 - 001 Legislative Intern Sem
POLS 4801 - 001 Legislative Intern Sem
- Class Number: 12278
- Instructor: LYON COTTI, MORGAN
- Component: Seminar
- Type: Hybrid
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 30
POLS 4900 - 001 Internship: Local
POLS 4900 - 001 Internship: Local
- Class Number: 3038
- Instructor: LYON COTTI, MORGAN
- Instructor: MACFARLANE, ALEX
- Component: Practicum
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0 - 12.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $200.00
- Seats Available: 50
POLS 4901 - 001 Intern: Legislature
All internship application require approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 801-581-8501.
POLS 4901 - 001 Intern: Legislature
- Class Number: 5834
- Instructor: LYON COTTI, MORGAN
- Component: Practicum
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0 - 12.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 50
All internship application require approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 801-581-8501.
POLS 4902 - 001 Internship: National
All internship applicatoins require approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 801-581-8501.
POLS 4902 - 001 Internship: National
- Class Number: 5832
- Instructor: SHIPLEY, GINA N
- Component: Practicum
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0 - 12.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $300.00
- Seats Available: 50
All internship applicatoins require approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 801-581-8501.
POLS 4903 - 001 Internship: Int'l
All internship applications require approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 801-581-8501.
POLS 4909 - 001 Internship: CEL
POLS 4909 - 001 Internship: CEL
- Class Number: 3039
- Instructor: LYON COTTI, MORGAN
- Instructor: MACFARLANE, ALEX
- Component: Practicum
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0 - 12.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $200.00
- Seats Available: 20
POLS 4914 - 001 Wash D.C. Encounter
Course requires application and approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics. Class meets throughout the semester, with the field trip May 03-07, 2024.
POLS 4914 - 001 Wash D.C. Encounter
- Class Number: 5925
- Instructor: Curry, James M
- Instructor: SHIPLEY, GINA N
- Component: Practicum
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0 - 12.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 5
Course requires application and approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics. Class meets throughout the semester, with the field trip May 03-07, 2024.
POLS 4950 - 001 Undergrad Research
POLS 4950 - 001 Undergrad Research
- Class Number: 16090
- Instructor: Singer, Phillip M
- Component: Independent Study
- Type: In Person
- Units: 1.0 - 4.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 3
POLS 4999 - 001 Honors Thesis/Project
POLS 4999 - 001 Honors Thesis/Project
- Class Number: 3042
- Instructor: CHUNG, EUNBIN
- Component: Honors Thesis Project
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 10
POLS 5000 - 001 Found Pol Thought
POLS 5000 - 001 Found Pol Thought
- Class Number: 18709
- Instructor: STRACK, FRANZISKA
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 35
POLS 5035 - 001 Contemp Pol Thought
POLS 5035 - 001 Contemp Pol Thought
- Class Number: 18710
- Instructor: JOHNSTON, STEVEN J
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 35
POLS 5140 - 001 Feminist Pol Theory
POLS 5140 - 001 Feminist Pol Theory
- Class Number: 18711
- Instructor: MYERS, ELLA
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 24
POLS 5212 - 001 Civil Rights&Liberties
POLS 5212 - 001 Civil Rights&Liberties
- Class Number: 18705
- Instructor: DICHIO, MICHAEL A
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Requisites: Yes
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $58.82
- Seats Available: 41
POLS 5245 - 001 Utah Politics
POLS 5245 - 001 Utah Politics
- Class Number: 13004
- Instructor: LYON COTTI, MORGAN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $9.99
- Seats Available: 34
POLS 5400 - 001 Comp. Institutions
POLS 5400 - 001 Comp. Institutions
- Class Number: 18707
- Instructor: CAMPION, SELENE
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Requisites: Yes
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $63.00
- Seats Available: 45
POLS 5440 - 001 Nation/Ethnc Conflict
The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 5440 - 001 Nation/Ethnc Conflict
- Class Number: 12660
- Instructor: YAVUZ, M
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $73.95
- Seats Available: 34
The course fee covers digital course materials through the Inclusive Access program. Students may request to opt out here: https://portal.verba.io/utah/login
POLS 5480 - 090 Interntl Rel East Asia
POLS 5480 - 090 Interntl Rel East Asia
- Class Number: 14624
- Instructor: CHUNG, EUNBIN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: Online
- Units: 3.0
- Requisites: Yes
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 104
POLS 5610 - 001 International Law
POLS 5610 - 001 International Law
- Class Number: 18714
- Instructor: COTTIERO, CHRISTINA
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Requisites: Yes
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 43
POLS 5690 - 001 Found Intntl Security
POLS 5690 - 001 Found Intntl Security
- Class Number: 18715
- Instructor: LOBELL, STEVEN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Requisites: Yes
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $74.12
- Seats Available: 41
POLS 5810 - 006 Rise & Fall/Great Powers
POLS 5810 - 006 Rise & Fall/Great Powers
- Class Number: 19472
- Instructor: LOBELL, STEVEN
- Component: Seminar
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 44
POLS 6000 - 001 Foundations Of Pol Tht
POLS 6000 - 001 Foundations Of Pol Tht
- Class Number: 18717
- Instructor: STRACK, FRANZISKA
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 9
POLS 6001 - 001 Quant Analysis-Pol S
POLS 6001 - 001 Quant Analysis-Pol S
- Class Number: 14627
- Instructor: MCCRAIN, JOSH
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Requisites: Yes
- Wait List: Yes
- Fees: $50.00
- Seats Available: 14
POLS 6004 - 001 Qual-Inter Res Methods
POLS 6004 - 001 Qual-Inter Res Methods
- Class Number: 7646
- Instructor: Steele, Brent J
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 12
POLS 6035 - 001 Contemp Pol Thought
POLS 6035 - 001 Contemp Pol Thought
- Class Number: 18718
- Instructor: JOHNSTON, STEVEN J
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 9
POLS 6140 - 001 Feminist Pol Theory
POLS 6140 - 001 Feminist Pol Theory
- Class Number: 18719
- Instructor: MYERS, ELLA
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 5
POLS 6201 - 001 Teaching Pol Science I
POLS 6201 - 001 Teaching Pol Science I
- Class Number: 18702
- Instructor: LIU, BAODONG
- Component: Seminar
- Type: In Person
- Units: 1.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 14
POLS 6245 - 001 Utah Politics
POLS 6245 - 001 Utah Politics
- Class Number: 13005
- Instructor: LYON COTTI, MORGAN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $9.99
- Seats Available: 4
POLS 6321 - 001 Health Policy
POLS 6321 - 001 Health Policy
- Class Number: 10344
- Instructor: Singer, Phillip M
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 15
POLS 6480 - 090 Intntl Rel East Asia
POLS 6480 - 090 Intntl Rel East Asia
- Class Number: 18720
- Instructor: CHUNG, EUNBIN
- Component: Lecture
- Type: Online
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 7
POLS 6740 - 001 Political Change
POLS 6740 - 001 Political Change
- Class Number: 18703
- Instructor: NOH, Yuree
- Component: Lecture
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Requisites: Yes
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 14
POLS 6850 - 001 Field Sem Intntl Rel
POLS 6850 - 001 Field Sem Intntl Rel
- Class Number: 14625
- Instructor: Steele, Brent J
- Component: Seminar
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: Yes
- Seats Available: 1
POLS 6920 - 001 Internship: Grad Local
POLS 6920 - 001 Internship: Grad Local
- Class Number: 6590
- Instructor: LYON COTTI, MORGAN
- Instructor: MACFARLANE, ALEX
- Component: Practicum
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0 - 9.0
- Requisites: Yes
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $200.00
- Seats Available: 40
POLS 6922 - 001 Internship: Grad Nation
All internship applications require approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 801-581-8501.
POLS 6922 - 001 Internship: Grad Nation
- Class Number: 6422
- Instructor: SHIPLEY, GINA N
- Component: Practicum
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0 - 9.0
- Requisites: Yes
- Wait List: No
- Fees: $300.00
- Seats Available: 5
All internship applications require approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 801-581-8501.
POLS 6923 - 001 Internship: Grad Global
All internship applications require approval from the Hinckley Institute of Politics, 801-581-8501.
POLS 6960 - 002 Special Topics
POLS 6960 - 002 Special Topics
- Class Number: 20130
- Instructor: DE MICHELI, DAVID
- Component: Special Topics
- Type: In Person
- Units: 3.0
- Wait List: No
- Seats Available: 3